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Check Osmosis
Your osmosis under control
Water treatment equipments, as osmosis, bring about changes to the quality of water, that is why, it is essential to know about their performance and maintenance.
79 € in-stock product
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Detailed description
A lot of people have household water treatment equipments such as water softeners (descalers) and reverse osmosis water filter systems.
However, it is advisable to know how these water treatment equipments work; especially concerning filters and cartridges since they can accumulate dirt and may become a source of contamination and, as a result, instead of enhancing the quality of water, it will be reduced; which may pose a health risk to you and your family.
Our water analysis, CHECK OSMOSIS, establishes the physicochemical parameters that allow us to know if our water treatment equipment is working properly or not.
What parameters are included in the analysis?
NH
Ammonium 
The presence of ammonium or ammonia in water is usually associated to organic pollution (wastes composed of animal, human, plant material, fertilizers, etc.) so it serves as an indicator of water pollution.
The presence of ammonia does not often pose a risk to health but it may be related to other problems such as bacterial contamination, the presence of other contaminants, the reduction of chloridation resistance and smell and taste disorders.
The maximum acceptable concentration of ammonia in drinking water for human consumption is 0.5 mg/l.
The presence of ammonia does not often pose a risk to health but it may be related to other problems such as bacterial contamination, the presence of other contaminants, the reduction of chloridation resistance and smell and taste disorders.
The maximum acceptable concentration of ammonia in drinking water for human consumption is 0.5 mg/l.
Ammonium is a key indicator of water contamination.
Cl
Chlorides
Chlorides in water are broadly related to saltwater intrusion problems, especially in most coastal areas. We get most of our supplies of chloride from the food we eat, mainly in the form of sodium chloride (salt); whereas chloride intake in drinking water tends to be less.
High chloride levels (> 250 mg/l) may impart a salty taste to water. Chloride concentration can lead to corrosion hazards.
Regulations recommend a maximum chloride concentration of 250 mg/l in drinking water.
High chloride levels (> 250 mg/l) may impart a salty taste to water. Chloride concentration can lead to corrosion hazards.
Regulations recommend a maximum chloride concentration of 250 mg/l in drinking water.
Chlorides reveal the presence of salts in water
C
Conductivity at 20ºC
Conductivity indicates the level of dissolved salts by measuring the ability of a solution to carry an electric current, i.e. the larger the number of dissolved salts (chloride, sulphate, bicarbonate, etc), the more conductive water is; therefore, by measuring the conductivity of water, we obtain the degree of water salinity.
Variation in conductivity can result through changes in geology of an area. The natural conductivity of water varies from very low values (50 uS/cm), especially in granite (non- calcareous) areas (North of Spain) to very high values (1000 uS/cm), especially in calcareous areas (East of Spain).
The maximum conductivity level in drinking water recommended is 2000 uS/cm.
Variation in conductivity can result through changes in geology of an area. The natural conductivity of water varies from very low values (50 uS/cm), especially in granite (non- calcareous) areas (North of Spain) to very high values (1000 uS/cm), especially in calcareous areas (East of Spain).
The maximum conductivity level in drinking water recommended is 2000 uS/cm.
Conductivity is used to measure water salinity
D
Hardness
Hard water is high in dissolved minerals, both calcium and magnesium. Hard water can lead to taste problems and higher consumption of soap to produce lather.
Water hardness should be a concern since hardness greater than 20º F (200 mg/l CaCO3) may cause incrustations in water heaters, boilers, washing machines, irons, etc.
Water hardness lower than 10º F (100 mg/l CaCO3) may a have a low pH buffering capacity and, therefore, cause corrosion in pipes and materials in contact with water.
Water hardness should be a concern since hardness greater than 20º F (200 mg/l CaCO3) may cause incrustations in water heaters, boilers, washing machines, irons, etc.
Water hardness lower than 10º F (100 mg/l CaCO3) may a have a low pH buffering capacity and, therefore, cause corrosion in pipes and materials in contact with water.
Water hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved minerals.
NO
Nitrates
Nitrate compounds are found naturally on earth. Most crop plants require large quantities of nitrates to sustain high yields. The source of excess nitrates in water can usually be traced to agricultural practices, livestock activities and dumping sewage water. High nitrate levels in water can cause methemoglobinemia or blue baby syndrome, a condition found especially in infants under six months.
The maximum allowable limit for nitrate concentration in drinking water is 50 mg/l.
The maximum allowable limit for nitrate concentration in drinking water is 50 mg/l.
High nitrate concentrations are associated with agricultural and livestock activities.
N
Nitrites
The presence of nitrites in water is largely due to a lack of oxygenated water or water contaminated by sewage water or vegetable waste. Nitrites can also appear when chloramination is used for drinking water disinfection.
The maximum acceptable nitrite concentration in drinking water distribution systems is 0.5 mg/l.
The maximum acceptable nitrite concentration in drinking water distribution systems is 0.5 mg/l.
Nitrites can be a significant indicator to determine contamination
pH
pH
pH is a measurement of the acidity or basic quality of water. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14; a pH of 7 is neutral, a pH less than 7 is acidic and a pH greater than 7 is basic. The pH of natural water hovers between 6.5 and 8.5.
Although pH is not a primary concern for consumers, it is an important water quality parameter. It is associated with the effectiveness of disinfection processes and it can serve as an indicator that contamination may have occurred or that water treatment equipments have been damaged.
pH values in drinking water range from 6.5 to 9.5. The recommended range for pH in swimming-pool water is 7.5; if pH is below 6.0 or above 9.0, it will negatively affect swimmer comfort and pH level should be restored to the optimum range.
Although pH is not a primary concern for consumers, it is an important water quality parameter. It is associated with the effectiveness of disinfection processes and it can serve as an indicator that contamination may have occurred or that water treatment equipments have been damaged.
pH values in drinking water range from 6.5 to 9.5. The recommended range for pH in swimming-pool water is 7.5; if pH is below 6.0 or above 9.0, it will negatively affect swimmer comfort and pH level should be restored to the optimum range.
pH is a measure of how acidic, basic or neutral water is
Na
Sodium
Sodium occurs naturally and it related to other salts such as chlorides, sulphates, fluorides, etc. Water softeners (descalers) may increase sodium content of the water for human consumption.
Elevated levels of sodium may result in salty water taste and may cause high blood pressure.
The maximum acceptable level of sodium in drinking water is 200 mg/l.
Natural water can be classified by the amount of sodium per liter:
Sodium water: more than 200 mg/l
Water for children-food preparation and low-sodium diet: up to 20 mg/l
Elevated levels of sodium may result in salty water taste and may cause high blood pressure.
The maximum acceptable level of sodium in drinking water is 200 mg/l.
Natural water can be classified by the amount of sodium per liter:
Sodium water: more than 200 mg/l
Water for children-food preparation and low-sodium diet: up to 20 mg/l
Sodium is largely related to water salinity
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AL
Alkalinity
Alkalinity in water is mainly due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides. It is a measure of the acid-neutralizing capacity of water. Acid-neutralizing capacity means the ability to accept acid without a subsequent drop in pH. The more acid that can be added to water before the pH starts to drop, the higher the alkalinity.
A minimum alkalinity of 20 mg/l is recommended since alkalinity concentrations below 20 mg/l often lead to large swings in pH values. High alkalinity levels are not detrimental to health; they may cause problems related to the existence of incrustations in equipments and pipes (see Hardness).
In the case of swimming pools, high alkalinity levels (>125 mg/l CaCO3) may cause turbidity or cloudiness of the pool water, create incrustations on the swimming pool walls and lead to an increase of the pH in water.
A minimum alkalinity of 20 mg/l is recommended since alkalinity concentrations below 20 mg/l often lead to large swings in pH values. High alkalinity levels are not detrimental to health; they may cause problems related to the existence of incrustations in equipments and pipes (see Hardness).
In the case of swimming pools, high alkalinity levels (>125 mg/l CaCO3) may cause turbidity or cloudiness of the pool water, create incrustations on the swimming pool walls and lead to an increase of the pH in water.
Alkalinity measures the presence of salts usually responsible for incrustations (carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides)
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Al
Aluminium
Aluminum is an abundant metal on Earth.
Is used in some treatment plants as a coagulant to facilitate precipitation of solids or particles in the water.
In Spanish Regulations (Royal Decree 140/2003), is set a parametric value of 200 µg/l (0.2 mg/l)
Is used in some treatment plants as a coagulant to facilitate precipitation of solids or particles in the water.
In Spanish Regulations (Royal Decree 140/2003), is set a parametric value of 200 µg/l (0.2 mg/l)
Metal used as a coagulant in some water treatment plants
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As
Arsenic
Arsenic is a natural element of the Earth’s crust which behaves like a metal. It is present in the environment both naturally, especially in groundwater, and due to human activities such as mining, metal smelting, wood treatment, etc.
The maximum concentration of arsenic in safe drinking water is 10 µg/l (0.01mg/l).
The maximum concentration of arsenic in safe drinking water is 10 µg/l (0.01mg/l).
A metalloid which is a natural component of the Earth’s crust.
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BA
Aerobic Bacteria at 22º C
Aerobic bacteria grow and survive in an oxygenated environment. This parameter is an indicator because the majority of existing bacteria require oxygen for survival and, as a result, are omnipresent, i.e., found in any type of environmental conditions (air, soil, water, etc.). In untreated water, bacterial presence may be strong.
Regarding drinking water, aerobic bacteria assess the effectiveness of water disinfection. Bacterial presence does not necessarily mean that water quality is poor. According to Drinking Water Regulations (Royal Decree 140/ 2003), the concentration of aerobic bacteria in fully treated drinking water can be of 100 cfu/ml (cfu= colony-forming units) if there are no significant changes in the water distribution systems.
Regarding drinking water, aerobic bacteria assess the effectiveness of water disinfection. Bacterial presence does not necessarily mean that water quality is poor. According to Drinking Water Regulations (Royal Decree 140/ 2003), the concentration of aerobic bacteria in fully treated drinking water can be of 100 cfu/ml (cfu= colony-forming units) if there are no significant changes in the water distribution systems.
Aerobic bacteria reveal the presence of microorganisms in water
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BC
Bicarbonates
Alkalinity in water is mainly due to the presence of carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides. It is a measure of the acid-neutralizing capacity of water. Acid-neutralizing capacity means the ability to accept acid without a subsequent drop in pH. The more acid that can be added to water before the pH starts to drop, the higher the alkalinity.
A minimum alkalinity of 20 mg/l is recommended since alkalinity concentrations below 20 mg/l often lead to large swings in pH values. High alkalinity levels are not detrimental to health; they may cause problems related to the existence of incrustations in equipments and pipes (see Hardness).
In the case of swimming pools, high alkalinity levels (>125 mg/l CaCO3) may cause turbidity or cloudiness of the pool water, create incrustations on the swimming pool walls and lead to an increase of the pH in water.
A minimum alkalinity of 20 mg/l is recommended since alkalinity concentrations below 20 mg/l often lead to large swings in pH values. High alkalinity levels are not detrimental to health; they may cause problems related to the existence of incrustations in equipments and pipes (see Hardness).
In the case of swimming pools, high alkalinity levels (>125 mg/l CaCO3) may cause turbidity or cloudiness of the pool water, create incrustations on the swimming pool walls and lead to an increase of the pH in water.
Bicarbonates are associated with the production of incrustation on water facilities
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B
Boron
Boron is an element that is found in nature mostly as Borax. It's used in various industrial processes asceramic enamels, glass, paints, etc. and also in detergents. Is usually present in wastewater.
Although it is a micronutrient for plants, high concentrations can affect crops and become toxic for plants.
In drinking water regulation in Spain there is a limit of 1 mg/l.
Although it is a micronutrient for plants, high concentrations can affect crops and become toxic for plants.
In drinking water regulation in Spain there is a limit of 1 mg/l.
Boron is a micronutrient necessary for the plants, but in high concentrations could be toxic.
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Ca
Calcium
Calcium in water comes from natural deposits of limestone, dolomite, gypsum stones and gypsum slate.
Calcium is a determinant of total water hardness. To lower calcium and calcium hardness levels, chemical softening methods can be adopted, such as reverse osmosis, electrodialisis or ion exchange.
Low calcium carbonate levels avoid metal pipe corrosion since calcium carbonate promotes the formation of protective deposits. Some hardened and resistant incrustations are made up of calcium salts which leave behind precipitations on the surfaces of heat transfer such as boilers, pipes and kitchen utensils.
The concentration of calcium in natural mineral water should not be higher than 150 mg/l.
Calcium is a determinant of total water hardness. To lower calcium and calcium hardness levels, chemical softening methods can be adopted, such as reverse osmosis, electrodialisis or ion exchange.
Low calcium carbonate levels avoid metal pipe corrosion since calcium carbonate promotes the formation of protective deposits. Some hardened and resistant incrustations are made up of calcium salts which leave behind precipitations on the surfaces of heat transfer such as boilers, pipes and kitchen utensils.
The concentration of calcium in natural mineral water should not be higher than 150 mg/l.
Calcium is a cation and is a determinant of water hardness
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CO
Carbonate
Carbonates are mineral salts present in water mainly due to the solution of calcareous rocks and other minerals present in the soil. Can cause fouling of tanks, pipes and other materials in contact with water.
Depending on the pH, carbonates can be in form of carbonates (CO 3), bicarbonate (HCO3) or carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbonates are found in basic pH (greater than 8).
Depending on the pH, carbonates can be in form of carbonates (CO 3), bicarbonate (HCO3) or carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbonates are found in basic pH (greater than 8).
Mineral present in water mainly due to the dissolution of limestone or carbonated.
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CL
Free chlorine
Chlorine, in its various forms (chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, etc..) is the most widely used disinfectant for water treatment, especially for drinking water or swimming pool water.
In the case of drinking water, to ensure the effectiveness of disinfection is recommended to maintain a concentration of about 0.5 mg/l free chlorine. In drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a maximum value of 1.0 mg/l free chlorine.
For pools is recommended to maintain a free chlorine concentration between 0.5 and 2 mg/l, these must not be greater than 4 mg/l. For indoor pools, air exchange should be intensified if exceeded 4 mg/l.
In the case of drinking water, to ensure the effectiveness of disinfection is recommended to maintain a concentration of about 0.5 mg/l free chlorine. In drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a maximum value of 1.0 mg/l free chlorine.
For pools is recommended to maintain a free chlorine concentration between 0.5 and 2 mg/l, these must not be greater than 4 mg/l. For indoor pools, air exchange should be intensified if exceeded 4 mg/l.
Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant for water treatment, especially for drinking water or swimming pool water
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CP
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium perfringens is a spore-forming bacterium highly resistant to unfavorable conditions as well as disinfection processes. It is ever present in feces from animals; it can be detected in up to 100% of the feces from dogs.
The presence of clostridium perfringens are determined in drinking water. This parameter is measured in cfu (colony forming units) in a specified volume (100 ml or 250 ml).
The maximum level of clostridium perfringens in drinking water is 0 cfu/100ml.
The presence of clostridium perfringens are determined in drinking water. This parameter is measured in cfu (colony forming units) in a specified volume (100 ml or 250 ml).
The maximum level of clostridium perfringens in drinking water is 0 cfu/100ml.
Clostridium perfringens indexes the presence of fecal contamination
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Cu
Copper
The primary sources of copper in drinking water are corroding pipes and hot water heaters which may lead to problems such as greenish-bluish stains around bathroom appliances and fixtures and, in some occasions, bitter taste.
The maximum level of copper in drinking water is 2 mg/l.
The maximum level of copper in drinking water is 2 mg/l.
Metal used in building construction materials (pipes, etc.)
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CT
Total Coliforms
Total coliform bacteria can not only occur in human or animal feces but also can be found in the environment. They are, on the one hand, indicators of microbiological contamination and, on the other hand, their presence provides evidence regarding the adequacy of disinfection.
This parameter is measured in cfu (colony forming units) per 100 ml or 250 ml volume.
The maximum acceptable concentration of total coliforms in drinking water is 0 cfu/100ml.
This parameter is measured in cfu (colony forming units) per 100 ml or 250 ml volume.
The maximum acceptable concentration of total coliforms in drinking water is 0 cfu/100ml.
Total coliforms are the standard by which microbiological contamination is measured.
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Co
Color
Water may be colored due to many causes (organic matter -plant debris, algae, etc.-, iron or other metals, etc...).
The color measurement is made in water by comparison with a standard. The result is often expressed as mg/l of Pt/Co.
Water legislation for human consumption (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a parameter value to the color of 15 mg/l Pt/Co.
The color measurement is made in water by comparison with a standard. The result is often expressed as mg/l of Pt/Co.
Water legislation for human consumption (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a parameter value to the color of 15 mg/l Pt/Co.
Measurement of water color
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Cr
Chromium
Chromium is a metal partly related to metal piping materials and fittings (e.g. tanks).
Chromium metal is largely related to metal fittings such as pipes.
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EC
E. Coli
E. Coli is an ideal indicator of fecal contamination. It serves as a key indicator of possible water contamination caused by dumping sewage water.
E. Coli concentrations are measured in cfu (colony-forming units) in 100 or 250 ml.
E. Coli concentrations are measured in cfu (colony-forming units) in 100 or 250 ml.
E. Coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria
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Sr
Strontium
Strontium is a very unstable metal that is found in nature combined with other compounds. At industrial level is used in the manufacture of television tubes, pigments, pyrotechnics, metal industry, etc..
It has characteristics similar to calcium, so you can become part of the bones. The drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) does not specify a limit for strontium.
It has characteristics similar to calcium, so you can become part of the bones. The drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) does not specify a limit for strontium.
Metal that can be associated with minerals or industrial activities
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F
Fluorides
Fluorine exists naturally in a considerable number of minerals, therefore, different fluoride concentrations can be found depending on the area. However, fluoride concentrations in fresh water are generally less than 1 mg/l.
Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, fights tooth decay and encourages tooth growth. However, high fluoride concentrations can produce stains on teeth, cause kidney problems and lead to calcium deficiency
The maximum fluoride level in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l.
Concerning mineral fresh water, water is fluoridated when fluoride concentrations are higher than 1 mg/l.
Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, fights tooth decay and encourages tooth growth. However, high fluoride concentrations can produce stains on teeth, cause kidney problems and lead to calcium deficiency
The maximum fluoride level in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l.
Concerning mineral fresh water, water is fluoridated when fluoride concentrations are higher than 1 mg/l.
Water fluoridation is considered as necessary. However, high concentrations of fluoride in water can be detrimental to health
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P
Phosphates
Phosphates are a major component in the human body. It is found naturally in rocks, plants, manure, and many foods.
Phosphorus is an essential element, but either excessive or a defect in its consumption can cause health problems.
In the environment of excess phosphates in the water can cause eutrophication problems in aquatic systems (overgrowth of algae from excess nutrients).
Phosphorus is an essential element, but either excessive or a defect in its consumption can cause health problems.
In the environment of excess phosphates in the water can cause eutrophication problems in aquatic systems (overgrowth of algae from excess nutrients).
Phosphates are essential elements in nature
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Gl
Glyphosate
Glyphosate is a pesticide used to kill weeds or habitual bushes. Until 2000 the patent was Mosanto under the trade name "Roundup". Currently there are many brand names that contain this compound.
Pesticide commonly used to kill weeds (herbicide)
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Hc
Hydrocarbons / mineral oils
The hydrocarbons or mineral oils may be present in water mainly due to pollution caused by industrial discharges, urban, accidental (broken tanks, gas stations, etc.).
Hydrocarbons or mineral oils may be present in the water
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Fe
Iron
Iron is one of the Earth’s most plentiful resources. Its presence in water is mainly due to the use of metal pipes and fittings such as taps, storage tanks, etc.
Iron is largely related to metal fittings such as pipes
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IL
Langelier index
A water may be fouling (deposits can occur in pipes, tanks, boilers, etc.) or aggressive (may cause corrosion on metal parts like tubing, boilers, etc.).
In accordance with Spanish drinking water legislation (RD 140/2003), Langelier index must be between -0.5 and +0.5. More than 0.5 water may be fouling and if it is below -0.5 can be aggressive.
This index is calculated from pH, dissolved salts, calcium, alkalinity and temperature of water.
In accordance with Spanish drinking water legislation (RD 140/2003), Langelier index must be between -0.5 and +0.5. More than 0.5 water may be fouling and if it is below -0.5 can be aggressive.
This index is calculated from pH, dissolved salts, calcium, alkalinity and temperature of water.
Langelier index reports about fouling or aggressive properties of water
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Lg
Legionella sp.
Legionella is a bacteria that may be present in water and can cause legionellosis, a lung disease caused by breathing air with water sprays.
Legionella is a bacteria that may be present in water and can cause legionellosis, a lung disease caused by breathing air with water sprays.
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Mg
Magnesium
Magnesium, (magnesium carbonate, magnesium sulphate), is an indispensable element abundant in the Earth’s crust. Together with calcium, magnesium is the most common source of water hardness. The degree of hardness becomes greater as the magnesium content increases.
There are no legal limits for magnesium in drinking water. However, high levels of magnesium (> 125 mg/L) may have laxative effects.
A level of 50 mg/L is recommended as the upper limit for mineral fresh water.
There are no legal limits for magnesium in drinking water. However, high levels of magnesium (> 125 mg/L) may have laxative effects.
A level of 50 mg/L is recommended as the upper limit for mineral fresh water.
Magnesium is primarily responsible for water hardness
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Mn
Manganese
Manganese is an abundant element in nature and is necessary for life, but in high concentrations can be toxic.
Spanish legislation for drinking water (R.D.140/2003) sets a limit of 50 µg/l for Manganese.
Spanish legislation for drinking water (R.D.140/2003) sets a limit of 50 µg/l for Manganese.
Manganese is a necessary element for life, but in high concentrations can be toxic.
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Hg
Mercury
Mercury is a heavy metal, volatile (evaporates above 40°C) and highly toxic by inhalation, ingestion or contact. Long exposure to high levels can affect mainly the nervous system, brain, kidneys, etc..
It is present in nature mainly in the form of cinnabar. It has also been used in many applications (thermometers, lamps, electronics, etc..) And industrial activities (mining, paper industry, etc..).
The drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a limit for mercury of 1 g/l.
It is present in nature mainly in the form of cinnabar. It has also been used in many applications (thermometers, lamps, electronics, etc..) And industrial activities (mining, paper industry, etc..).
The drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a limit for mercury of 1 g/l.
Toxic metal whose presence can be naturally or by human activity
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Ni
Nickel
The primary source of nickel in drinking water is leaching from metals in contact with water such as pipes and fittings.
Nickel is largely related to metal fittings and pipes.
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Ol
Odour
Water intended for human consumption must be completely odorless. If odor is detected in the water, it could indicate possible presence of pollution (organic matter, chemicals, etc.).
The odor is determined sensorially (organoleptic method), the result being expressed in terms of the dilution which sets the threshold of perception (dilution index).
The odor is determined sensorially (organoleptic method), the result being expressed in terms of the dilution which sets the threshold of perception (dilution index).
organoleptic check of odor in water
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Ox
Oxidizability
Oxidizability analysis is used in drinking water control. This assay measures the concentration of oxidizable organic matter, but also other oxidizable inorganic substances can be detected.
In drinking water in Spain (Royal Decree 140/2003), the limit for Oxidisability is 5 mg/l.
In drinking water in Spain (Royal Decree 140/2003), the limit for Oxidisability is 5 mg/l.
Oxidizability measures oxidizable organic matter present in water.
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Pg
Pesticides
Pesticides are used to control organisms that are considered harmful and are largely related to contamination which comes from agricultural activities, especially in areas of intensive crop production. This analysis is designed for sampling common pesticides including organochlorine, organophosphates and triazines. If you require the analysis of other pesticides, do not hesitate to contact us.
Pesticides are substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest
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Pb
Lead
Lead was commonly used in the 70’s in household plumbing materials and water service lines. Currently, its use is forbidden; however, there are many homes built before the 80’s which have lead pipes.
Lead is a extremely poisonous metal. Lead in high concentrations is believed to have adverse effects on the central nervous system, kidneys and cardiovascular system, etc.
The maximum acceptable level of lead in drinking water is 0.025 mg/L (25 µg/l). From 2014 onwards, its limit will be 0,010 mg/l (10 µg/l).
Lead is a extremely poisonous metal. Lead in high concentrations is believed to have adverse effects on the central nervous system, kidneys and cardiovascular system, etc.
The maximum acceptable level of lead in drinking water is 0.025 mg/L (25 µg/l). From 2014 onwards, its limit will be 0,010 mg/l (10 µg/l).
Lead is largely related to old plumbing installation systems
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K
Potassium
Potassium occurs widely in nature and plays a key role in the human body. Average potassium concentrations in drinking water have beneficial health effects. Potassium may be used in drinking-water treatment plants (potassium permanganate, potassium chloride, etc.)
However, adverse effects may occur in certain segments of the population when consuming drinking water with high levels of potassium; including those who suffer from renal insufficiency, hypertension, diabetes, etc.
The WHO does not give specific guidelines on potassium levels since average potassium concentrations in water do not pose a risk to health.
However, adverse effects may occur in certain segments of the population when consuming drinking water with high levels of potassium; including those who suffer from renal insufficiency, hypertension, diabetes, etc.
The WHO does not give specific guidelines on potassium levels since average potassium concentrations in water do not pose a risk to health.
Potassium is present in water
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RO
Potential Redox
The redox potential is used to quantify the water oxidation-reduction potential. Among other uses, ORP is used for monitoring water disinfection processes. The ORP for swimming-pool water should be maintained between 250 and 750 mV.
The redox potential (ORP) is a measure of water reduction and oxidation.
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PA
Pseudomonas aeruginosas
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ubiquitous environmental bacterium commonly found in soil, water and wastewater. It is a common cause of infections although they do not tend to be serious. This type of bacteria is often completely eliminated with proper water disinfection.
This type of bacteria should be specially monitored in bottled and swimming-pool water.
This type of bacteria should be specially monitored in bottled and swimming-pool water.
Psedomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium found in soil and water
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RS
Total Dissolved Solids
Total dissolved solids measures all the dissolved substances which remain after evaporation or filtration of a water sample. These are primarily inorganic mineral salts and organic matter which originate in natural sources.
The WHO does not give specific guidelines on Total Dissolved Solid levels. However, elevated total dissolved solids can result in water having a bitter or salty taste and can cause incrustations in pipes, water heaters, boilers and electrical appliances.
Natural water can be classified by the amount of TDS per liter:
Very low mineral content: up to 50 mg/l
Low mineral content: up to 500 mg/l
Medium mineral content: from 500 mg/l to 1500 mg/l
High mineral content: more than 1500 mg/l
The WHO does not give specific guidelines on Total Dissolved Solid levels. However, elevated total dissolved solids can result in water having a bitter or salty taste and can cause incrustations in pipes, water heaters, boilers and electrical appliances.
Natural water can be classified by the amount of TDS per liter:
Very low mineral content: up to 50 mg/l
Low mineral content: up to 500 mg/l
Medium mineral content: from 500 mg/l to 1500 mg/l
High mineral content: more than 1500 mg/l
Total dissolved solids (TDS) refers to a measure of the residual minerals dissolved in water
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Sa
Taste
Water mustn't has any taste. Detection of off-flavors can be a symptom of possible water pollution.
Taste determination is performed by sensory test, making dilutions until no taste is detected on water.
Taste determination is performed by sensory test, making dilutions until no taste is detected on water.
Organoleptic analysis of taste in drinking water
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SS
Suspended solids
Suspended solids analysis measures the concentration of solids present in the water, which is retained in a membrane filter after filtering the sample.
It's a parameter used in wastewater control.
It's a parameter used in wastewater control.
Parameter measuring the suspended solids in the water
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SO
Sulphates
Sulphates occur naturally in soils (gypsum, pyrite, etc.) The presence of sulphates in drinking water may leave a strong taste. Water containing high levels of sulphate may have a laxative effects.
The maximum acceptable level of sulphate in drinking water is 250 mg/l.
The maximum acceptable level of sulphate in drinking water is 250 mg/l.
Sulphates are dissolved salts
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TB
Turbidity
Water turbidity may be caused by the presence of particles which come from source water. There are various parameters influencing the cloudiness of water. Some of these are inadequate water treatment, biofilm detachment in water distribution systems.
Particles may protect bacteria from disinfection and may encourage bacterial growth.
When water is disinfected, its turbidity level should be low so that the treatment can be effective.
The maximum acceptable level of turbidity for drinking water in distribution systems is 5 NTU.
The recommended level of turbidity in swimming-pool water should be less than 20 NTU. If turbidity is higher than 20 NTU, it will negatively affect swimmer comfort. The optimum level should be below 5 NTU.
Particles may protect bacteria from disinfection and may encourage bacterial growth.
When water is disinfected, its turbidity level should be low so that the treatment can be effective.
The maximum acceptable level of turbidity for drinking water in distribution systems is 5 NTU.
The recommended level of turbidity in swimming-pool water should be less than 20 NTU. If turbidity is higher than 20 NTU, it will negatively affect swimmer comfort. The optimum level should be below 5 NTU.
Turbidity is a measure of the amount of suspended particles in water
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