
Check Osmosis
Your osmosis under control
Water treatment equipments, as osmosis, bring about changes to the quality of water, that is why, it is essential to know about their performance and maintenance.
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Detailed description
A lot of people have household water treatment equipments such as water softeners (descalers) and reverse osmosis water filter systems.
However, it is advisable to know how these water treatment equipments work; especially concerning filters and cartridges since they can accumulate dirt and may become a source of contamination and, as a result, instead of enhancing the quality of water, it will be reduced; which may pose a health risk to you and your family.
Our water analysis, CHECK OSMOSIS, establishes the physicochemical parameters that allow us to know if our water treatment equipment is working properly or not.
What parameters are included in the analysis?
NH
The presence of ammonia does not often pose a risk to health but it may be related to other problems such as bacterial contamination, the presence of other contaminants, the reduction of chloridation resistance and smell and taste disorders.
The maximum acceptable concentration of ammonia in drinking water for human consumption is 0.5 mg/l.
Ammonium is a key indicator of water contamination.
Cl
High chloride levels (> 250 mg/l) may impart a salty taste to water. Chloride concentration can lead to corrosion hazards.
Regulations recommend a maximum chloride concentration of 250 mg/l in drinking water.
Chlorides reveal the presence of salts in water
C
Variation in conductivity can result through changes in geology of an area. The natural conductivity of water varies from very low values (50 uS/cm), especially in granite (non- calcareous) areas (North of Spain) to very high values (1000 uS/cm), especially in calcareous areas (East of Spain).
The maximum conductivity level in drinking water recommended is 2000 uS/cm.
Conductivity is used to measure water salinity
D
Water hardness should be a concern since hardness greater than 20º F (200 mg/l CaCO3) may cause incrustations in water heaters, boilers, washing machines, irons, etc.
Water hardness lower than 10º F (100 mg/l CaCO3) may a have a low pH buffering capacity and, therefore, cause corrosion in pipes and materials in contact with water.
Water hardness is caused by the presence of dissolved minerals.
NO
The maximum allowable limit for nitrate concentration in drinking water is 50 mg/l.
High nitrate concentrations are associated with agricultural and livestock activities.
N
The maximum acceptable nitrite concentration in drinking water distribution systems is 0.5 mg/l.
Nitrites can be a significant indicator to determine contamination
pH
Although pH is not a primary concern for consumers, it is an important water quality parameter. It is associated with the effectiveness of disinfection processes and it can serve as an indicator that contamination may have occurred or that water treatment equipments have been damaged.
pH values in drinking water range from 6.5 to 9.5. The recommended range for pH in swimming-pool water is 7.5; if pH is below 6.0 or above 9.0, it will negatively affect swimmer comfort and pH level should be restored to the optimum range.
pH is a measure of how acidic, basic or neutral water is
Na
Elevated levels of sodium may result in salty water taste and may cause high blood pressure.
The maximum acceptable level of sodium in drinking water is 200 mg/l.
Natural water can be classified by the amount of sodium per liter:
Sodium water: more than 200 mg/l
Water for children-food preparation and low-sodium diet: up to 20 mg/l
Sodium is largely related to water salinity

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AL
A minimum alkalinity of 20 mg/l is recommended since alkalinity concentrations below 20 mg/l often lead to large swings in pH values. High alkalinity levels are not detrimental to health; they may cause problems related to the existence of incrustations in equipments and pipes (see Hardness).
In the case of swimming pools, high alkalinity levels (>125 mg/l CaCO3) may cause turbidity or cloudiness of the pool water, create incrustations on the swimming pool walls and lead to an increase of the pH in water.
Alkalinity measures the presence of salts usually responsible for incrustations (carbonates, bicarbonates and hydroxides)
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Al
Is used in some treatment plants as a coagulant to facilitate precipitation of solids or particles in the water.
In Spanish Regulations (Royal Decree 140/2003), is set a parametric value of 200 µg/l (0.2 mg/l)
Metal used as a coagulant in some water treatment plants
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As
The maximum concentration of arsenic in safe drinking water is 10 µg/l (0.01mg/l).
A metalloid which is a natural component of the Earth’s crust.
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BA
Regarding drinking water, aerobic bacteria assess the effectiveness of water disinfection. Bacterial presence does not necessarily mean that water quality is poor. According to Drinking Water Regulations (Royal Decree 140/ 2003), the concentration of aerobic bacteria in fully treated drinking water can be of 100 cfu/ml (cfu= colony-forming units) if there are no significant changes in the water distribution systems.
Aerobic bacteria reveal the presence of microorganisms in water
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BC
A minimum alkalinity of 20 mg/l is recommended since alkalinity concentrations below 20 mg/l often lead to large swings in pH values. High alkalinity levels are not detrimental to health; they may cause problems related to the existence of incrustations in equipments and pipes (see Hardness).
In the case of swimming pools, high alkalinity levels (>125 mg/l CaCO3) may cause turbidity or cloudiness of the pool water, create incrustations on the swimming pool walls and lead to an increase of the pH in water.
Bicarbonates are associated with the production of incrustation on water facilities
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B
Although it is a micronutrient for plants, high concentrations can affect crops and become toxic for plants.
In drinking water regulation in Spain there is a limit of 1 mg/l.
Boron is a micronutrient necessary for the plants, but in high concentrations could be toxic.
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Ca
Calcium is a determinant of total water hardness. To lower calcium and calcium hardness levels, chemical softening methods can be adopted, such as reverse osmosis, electrodialisis or ion exchange.
Low calcium carbonate levels avoid metal pipe corrosion since calcium carbonate promotes the formation of protective deposits. Some hardened and resistant incrustations are made up of calcium salts which leave behind precipitations on the surfaces of heat transfer such as boilers, pipes and kitchen utensils.
The concentration of calcium in natural mineral water should not be higher than 150 mg/l.
Calcium is a cation and is a determinant of water hardness
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CO
Depending on the pH, carbonates can be in form of carbonates (CO 3), bicarbonate (HCO3) or carbon dioxide (CO2). The carbonates are found in basic pH (greater than 8).
Mineral present in water mainly due to the dissolution of limestone or carbonated.
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CL
In the case of drinking water, to ensure the effectiveness of disinfection is recommended to maintain a concentration of about 0.5 mg/l free chlorine. In drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a maximum value of 1.0 mg/l free chlorine.
For pools is recommended to maintain a free chlorine concentration between 0.5 and 2 mg/l, these must not be greater than 4 mg/l. For indoor pools, air exchange should be intensified if exceeded 4 mg/l.
Chlorine is the most widely used disinfectant for water treatment, especially for drinking water or swimming pool water
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CP
The presence of clostridium perfringens are determined in drinking water. This parameter is measured in cfu (colony forming units) in a specified volume (100 ml or 250 ml).
The maximum level of clostridium perfringens in drinking water is 0 cfu/100ml.
Clostridium perfringens indexes the presence of fecal contamination
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Cu
The maximum level of copper in drinking water is 2 mg/l.
Metal used in building construction materials (pipes, etc.)
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CT
This parameter is measured in cfu (colony forming units) per 100 ml or 250 ml volume.
The maximum acceptable concentration of total coliforms in drinking water is 0 cfu/100ml.
Total coliforms are the standard by which microbiological contamination is measured.
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Co
The color measurement is made in water by comparison with a standard. The result is often expressed as mg/l of Pt/Co.
Water legislation for human consumption (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a parameter value to the color of 15 mg/l Pt/Co.
Measurement of water color
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Cr
Chromium metal is largely related to metal fittings such as pipes.
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EC
E. Coli concentrations are measured in cfu (colony-forming units) in 100 or 250 ml.
E. Coli is a type of fecal coliform bacteria
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Sr
It has characteristics similar to calcium, so you can become part of the bones. The drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) does not specify a limit for strontium.
Metal that can be associated with minerals or industrial activities
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F
Fluoride strengthens tooth enamel, fights tooth decay and encourages tooth growth. However, high fluoride concentrations can produce stains on teeth, cause kidney problems and lead to calcium deficiency
The maximum fluoride level in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l.
Concerning mineral fresh water, water is fluoridated when fluoride concentrations are higher than 1 mg/l.
Water fluoridation is considered as necessary. However, high concentrations of fluoride in water can be detrimental to health
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P
Phosphorus is an essential element, but either excessive or a defect in its consumption can cause health problems.
In the environment of excess phosphates in the water can cause eutrophication problems in aquatic systems (overgrowth of algae from excess nutrients).
Phosphates are essential elements in nature
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Gl
Pesticide commonly used to kill weeds (herbicide)
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Hc
Hydrocarbons or mineral oils may be present in the water
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Fe
Iron is largely related to metal fittings such as pipes
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IL
In accordance with Spanish drinking water legislation (RD 140/2003), Langelier index must be between -0.5 and +0.5. More than 0.5 water may be fouling and if it is below -0.5 can be aggressive.
This index is calculated from pH, dissolved salts, calcium, alkalinity and temperature of water.
Langelier index reports about fouling or aggressive properties of water
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Lg
Legionella is a bacteria that may be present in water and can cause legionellosis, a lung disease caused by breathing air with water sprays.
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Mg
There are no legal limits for magnesium in drinking water. However, high levels of magnesium (> 125 mg/L) may have laxative effects.
A level of 50 mg/L is recommended as the upper limit for mineral fresh water.
Magnesium is primarily responsible for water hardness
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Mn
Spanish legislation for drinking water (R.D.140/2003) sets a limit of 50 µg/l for Manganese.
Manganese is a necessary element for life, but in high concentrations can be toxic.
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Hg
It is present in nature mainly in the form of cinnabar. It has also been used in many applications (thermometers, lamps, electronics, etc..) And industrial activities (mining, paper industry, etc..).
The drinking water legislation (Royal Decree 140/2003) sets a limit for mercury of 1 g/l.
Toxic metal whose presence can be naturally or by human activity
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Ni
Nickel is largely related to metal fittings and pipes.
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Ol
The odor is determined sensorially (organoleptic method), the result being expressed in terms of the dilution which sets the threshold of perception (dilution index).
organoleptic check of odor in water
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Ox
In drinking water in Spain (Royal Decree 140/2003), the limit for Oxidisability is 5 mg/l.
Oxidizability measures oxidizable organic matter present in water.
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Pg
Pesticides are substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating any pest
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Pb
Lead is a extremely poisonous metal. Lead in high concentrations is believed to have adverse effects on the central nervous system, kidneys and cardiovascular system, etc.
The maximum acceptable level of lead in drinking water is 0.025 mg/L (25 µg/l). From 2014 onwards, its limit will be 0,010 mg/l (10 µg/l).
Lead is largely related to old plumbing installation systems
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K
However, adverse effects may occur in certain segments of the population when consuming drinking water with high levels of potassium; including those who suffer from renal insufficiency, hypertension, diabetes, etc.
The WHO does not give specific guidelines on potassium levels since average potassium concentrations in water do not pose a risk to health.
Potassium is present in water
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RO
The redox potential (ORP) is a measure of water reduction and oxidation.
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PA
This type of bacteria should be specially monitored in bottled and swimming-pool water.
Psedomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium found in soil and water
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RS
The WHO does not give specific guidelines on Total Dissolved Solid levels. However, elevated total dissolved solids can result in water having a bitter or salty taste and can cause incrustations in pipes, water heaters, boilers and electrical appliances.
Natural water can be classified by the amount of TDS per liter:
Very low mineral content: up to 50 mg/l
Low mineral content: up to 500 mg/l
Medium mineral content: from 500 mg/l to 1500 mg/l
High mineral content: more than 1500 mg/l
Total dissolved solids (TDS) refers to a measure of the residual minerals dissolved in water
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Sa
Taste determination is performed by sensory test, making dilutions until no taste is detected on water.
Organoleptic analysis of taste in drinking water
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SS
It's a parameter used in wastewater control.
Parameter measuring the suspended solids in the water
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SO
The maximum acceptable level of sulphate in drinking water is 250 mg/l.
Sulphates are dissolved salts
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TB
Particles may protect bacteria from disinfection and may encourage bacterial growth.
When water is disinfected, its turbidity level should be low so that the treatment can be effective.
The maximum acceptable level of turbidity for drinking water in distribution systems is 5 NTU.
The recommended level of turbidity in swimming-pool water should be less than 20 NTU. If turbidity is higher than 20 NTU, it will negatively affect swimmer comfort. The optimum level should be below 5 NTU.
Turbidity is a measure of the amount of suspended particles in water
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